slaves in the familyslaves in the family

National/N.Y. When she married (or, as a widow, remarried) her property rights passed to the man, under the legal doctrine known as coverture. Did the plantations form part of my identity?. I never found out anything more about George (not even his last name), or about the mysterious thing that changed the expression on Dad's face. Do you believe that this item violates a copyright? A riveting read. It is one man's voyage to rediscover the truth about his slave-owning family. Though the paper record had gaps, it answered the need for detail better than hearsay could. The workforce, whose names Where the slave was completely dependent on his owner, few laws existed beyond the normal rules governing any form of property; it was the owners responsibility to recover damages if a third party killed or assaulted either his cow or his slave. "I mean, he picked the wrong side in the Revolution." To contemplate slavery--which for most Americans is a mysterious, distant event--was a explaining that he was rehearsing the necessity of having to shave blind. He connected so well with Americans, and not at all with the Africans. April 18, 2023, 4:11 AM. When did they leave the The earliest page is The author wished to find out more, not only about his own ancestors but also about the stories and fates of the slaves who lived on the Ball plantations. And who were the Ball slaves? Two blocks from the empty Branford-Horry House stands a pink stucco building, the South Carolina Historical Society, repository for records of former rice planters, including some of the Ball papers. I moved from New York back to Charleston to carry out the search. Similar to KINFOLK, there were so very many people covered that I lost track of who was who, but since it was my second book in this vein, I rolled with it this time and just took each anecdotal history as it came. I highly recommend reading this book,especiallly for white folks,as a major contribution to the attempt to reconcile and heal the scars of Americans' shared racial tragedy. Published by Thriftbooks.com User , 22 years ago, This is a remarkable story of Edward Ball's search for the descendants of the slaves acquired by his family once upon a time. WebIn Slaves in the Family, Edward Ball, a descendant of Elias Ball, has written a nonfiction American saga. I loved this book it showed the darker side of a distant branch of my family. I have traced my family history back a long way and found the link to those in this book. Dad grew up in the house where Isaac spent his last twenty years, and he had strong memories of the old man. The author explores genealogy and history, via interviewing descendants from both groups. The new Mrs. Ball might own land or slaves I have tried without results to find more of their lives. the normal encouragements of parents who wanted their children to rise. Diversions | In a rare feat of research, and through the mists of time and mistrust, Ball locates and visits ten families among the hundreds who descend from Ball family slavessome with whom he shares a blood connectionto share stories, anger, and dreams. The personal is profoundly political in historian Edward Balls family. WebThe Ball family hails from South CarolinaCharleston and thereabouts. Their children and grandchildren were Ball cousins, in the same family realm, and ties thinned slowly. Which the author is white, but I guess I expected more care with the descriptions, maybe if it was written more recently it would have better better in this sense. Ball is also interested in the people these plantation owners purchased who worked the land and kept their homes. 'Just when I thought nobody would play any dirtier than me': Chance surprises Blake Shelton with 'long game' strategy on 'The Voice' Season 23 Knockouts premiere, Like 'Clockwork': Legendary British actor's son mysteriously vanishes from 'American Idol,' in third resignation of Season 21, Ray Romano reveals that he had a stent put in his heart: 'I had 90% blockage', 'Air': Matt Damon, Chris Messina break down how they filmed movies explosive, hilariously vulgar phone call, The Weeknd's 'The Idol': Lily-Rose Depp transforms into 'nasty, bad' pop star in new trailer for controversial series. Reading it while in South Carolina gave a good context for the historic sites I was seeing. On one porch sat once again before my eyes. Published by Thriftbooks.com User , 25 years ago, This book is a moving and emotionallly powerful exploration and confrontation by one South Carolina-born writer with the moral consequences of the actions of his slave-owning and -selling ancestors. Between 1698 and 1865, the 167 years the family was in the slave business, close to four thousand black people were born into slavery to the Balls or bought by them. The Ball women stayed closely involved with their parents' home even after they departed for a husband. in Semiotics. the census enumerator did not record, belonged to a family of eight whites in the mansion. I read this book during a vacation in Hawaii; I found it so compelling I couldn't put it down.This book is an example of a trend in history writing by journalists that weds the personal style of "new journalism" with serious historical research. TV-PG. Down the main hall lay the best-kept room, the library. from the Civil War era and white in later pictures. I felt proud (how rare the stories!) This is a wonderful book. and, I believe, now and then a Virginia reel. They assembled people, land, But once the book went back in the bookcase, the dreams faded. Let's just get on with it. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Edward Ball, Winner of the 1998 Nonfiction Award for Slaves in the Family", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slaves_in_the_Family&oldid=1114331625, National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works, Articles needing additional references from May 2021, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 October 2022, at 23:57. To not record it is to deny the truth and there has been too much denial. While keeping a hand on the transfer of property, traditional patriarchal marriage was also a way at Seven Oaks (built in 1840) were the property of one of my mother's maternal ancestors, Michael Zehringer. I too am related to many descendants of slaves - in a certain part of the country - and this was never talked about in my family either. The rescue operation ferried us away from the rice : Absolutely fascinating!! Limerick, Pawley, and Quenby. Fifty years later, more married outside their old circle, half migrated to the North, and in other on to try to explain it. knows how rare that is. It must have been difficult, especially when he wasn't well received. It Download Slaves in the Family by Edward Ball in PDF EPUB format complete free. I would find out what had occurred on the Ball lands in as much detail as I could. They had many plantations just outside of Charlestown. "Slaves in the Family" recounts Edward Ball's painstaking research into the history of his family, the first of whom settled near Charlestion at the end of the 17th century. At their busiest, the many plantations owned by the Ball families contained over 1,000 slaves. Needing to know more, he began researching and trying to find the descendants of the slaves his family had owned. Although the author feels no guilt for what his family participated in, it is obvious that the slaves descendants still feel the pain of what their families were subjected to. The Balls' Pimlico plantation was turned into a subdivision with winding streets and ranch-style houses. In the Ball family, the tale of Wambaw Elias and his slaves passed as a children's story. tip of a peninsula that forms the oldest part of Charleston, there is a delicate little park called White Point Gardens. Site Index | Edward Ball is a great writer, he doesn't just throw fact after fact at you like a lot of writers of this type book. Editorial | Some other people in his family get angry about it, urging him not to do it, and most other people in his family seem content to just tell themselves that their ancestors were nicer than the average slave owner. When the Revolutionary War reached the South, Wambaw Elias, instead of joining the American rebels, went to the British commander in Charleston, The ruined brick hulk of the rice mill at Comingtee stood within plain of Rio de Janeiro. It was the largest number of slaves living at any address in the city. History.com Editors. I was excited to read this, given what the author was trying to do, but it was a little disappointing. by the current, lay submerged in the water, presenting obstacles for boats, and a hull with a draft of more than a couple of feet could easily run aground. Reviewed in the United States on March 7, 2023. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Throughout my spartan, God-fearing upbringing, I sensed How did they live? Illustrated. 2:22. WebIn general, a slave had far fewer rights to his offspring than to his spouse. Dominating the street side was a large wooden porch, what in Charleston is called a piazza. It stood in a row of mansions on Meeting Street, the main avenue through the historic core of Charleston, on the northwest corner where Reviewed in the United States on October 10, 2022. My new Charleston home had no resemblance to my former New York apartment. and sentimental (how touching the cast of family characters!). Photos. BALL FAMILY were embossed. Like the Ball story, the tale of the Zeringues and the Rowleys is peopled with black and white protagonists (or antagonists). the rice banks. This double search--at Although the Ball lands had been sold when the rice business dwindled after the end of slavery, and the fortune was long gone, documents, pictures, and above all In Charleston, I looked for a place to live, hoping to find a room in one of the old Ball houses. I was able to follow all of the complex genealogy and most of the historical information; it was kind of like a college course for me in the beginning. I went to college and settled in New York, where I began writing for newspapers and magazines. In 1790, according to the first census of the United States, thirty-four slaves lived in the compound. Some voices surprised me, like one ex-slave's loyal, self-abasing yet sincere letters to his former masters (of which his descendant was embarrassed). Such a fascinating book! In North America in the period from 1770 to 1830 the killing of a slave was equated in common law with the murder of a white person. In 1834, Charles N. Rowley, my mother's great-grandfather, married a Louisiana heiress, Jane Kemp Girault, who gave him control of her 2,200-acre For half an hour my brother and I sat simmering on the hot vinyl seats of the car, swatting mosquitoes. So, I took the plunge and it was incredible. Ball, the descendent of a family that was very wealthy in South Carolina, is looking at the many lines in his family. These ebooks can only be redeemed by recipients in the US. Charles Rowley later went into the military, became a commissioned officer, and when the Civil Site Search | Theodore Jr., and me to see the old rice plantation district the Balls once knew as their neighborhood. The author struggles with his own familys culpability in the worst parts of our nations history in a way that helps the reader do the same. An equal part came from all awareness that long ago our family had lived like lords, and that the world could still be divided into the pedigreed and the rootless. e. The 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation was the largest escape of a group of slaves to occur in the Cherokee Nation, in what was then Indian Territory. Forums | On the morning of April 12, 1861, rebel batteries around Charleston opened fire on Federal troops stationed at the fort, loudly opening had left off his manners. More determining than the law were the conditions of the society itself. The book had a wordy title, Recollections After freedom, the former Ball slaves made a distinct community. In that moment, the story of the Ball clan was locked in the depths of my mind, to be pried loose one day. Essential Source to Understand Americas Fractured Identity, Reviewed in the United States on July 15, 2021. The invitation to the family reunion sat on my desk, beckoning. There also were relatively uniform laws about passing slaves from one generation to another. What were their names? I was totally impressed by what the author did. Across the Mississippi River from New Orleans, in a neighborhood called Westwego, there used to be a sugar estate known as Seven Oaks. Roman slaves were allowed to make contracts in regard to third peculium. Weather | They were usually just "the slaves," sometimes The family includes what appear to be a grandmother and grandfather, two women, a man, and three children including an infant. OK well, here I am again with a whole list of books waiting on reviews. Marketplace, Quick News | This is the second time I've read this book and I was as pleased with it this time as the first time. 3 Oct 2022. In South America, Charles Rowley evidently once again acquired human property before he died in July 1869, tit age sixty-three, in the province We passed unpainted cottages belonging to black families, each house with two or three rooms, a little porch, and a pitched tin roof. This article about a non-fiction book on U.S. history is a stub. In a moment, George and my father disappeared into the cottage. tour, to an old church and down some dirt lanes, felt strange. The verses consist of love lyrics to his wife, meditations on old things--one about a country church, another about rusting Confederate guns--and elegies about the Civil War, whose outcome caused him much sadness. Though some parts are a little dry, the subject matter is very compelling. It reminds us of our common humanity and of the ties that still bind us, no matter what the wounds of the past. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Discover more of the authors books, see similar authors, read author blogs and more. He was tall, lean, carefully dressed, and had thin brown hair that he lost as he aged. Over time, his family earned the reputation as "the most prominent of South Carolina plantation owners. I typically choose authors of color, but made an exception. .but mine are all in North Carolina, and then trundle down to Georgia before heading to Louisiana and northwest Texas, and former slaves came with them to Texas. How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? His book is well researched, and well written with an easy narrative style. WebFamilies in Slavery. Elsewhere, when the state punished the slave, the sanction typically was more severe than for a free person. Webt. of which were large folding doors that gave into drawing rooms. The front door opened into a wide central hallway, on either side his wife, Pam Taylor, came from Louisiana. There was more uniformity across systems regarding legal relationships between slave owners. Web(CNN) -- Between 1698 and Emancipation, the Ball family of South Carolina owned 235 plantations and close to 4,000 slaves. New York: Oxford University Press. Harrell described the case of Mae Louise Walls Miller, who didn't get her freedom until 1963, when she was about 14. 27 Feb 2023. 253 pp. In Muscovy and China, slave owners could sell or will children apart from their parents, but marriages were inviolable. Click on Remote Playlists. "Religion, sex, death, money, and the Negroes.". Finding that his family plantations kept extensive records, he traces slave families and individuals held by his ancestors. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. On a sunny Friday morning in June, thirty miles inland from Charleston at an old dock on the Cooper River, the family reunion got under way. The sightseeing boat pushed along while an amateur historian narrated, stoking our pride at the bygone world of the plantations. covered with beige stucco that was cracked and chipping away. : It gives insights into the history of plantations in the South and on the complicated, nuanced interpersonal relationships between enslaved people and the families that owned them that Ive never read anywhere else. rather than descend from the sun and the air that felt like a wet cloth on the lungs. invited home to commune with the ancestors and bathe themselves in lore. WebSlaves in the Family (1998) is a biographical historical account written by Edward Ball, whose family historically owned large plantations and numerous slaves in South Carolina. To judge from its place, the bank was once part of Comingtee and had been built by Ball slaves. Despite their leisure, they did not paint pictures or perform music apart from recitals at home. Although someday I may look into lily Louisiana family, this story follows my father's clan, and the lives of the thousands Fafa Demasio. I've got Balls in my line. Societies elsewhere, however, such as the North American Yurok, Tlingit, and other neighbouring Indians, as well as in the American South, explicitly stated that slaves could have no honour, personal status, or prestige. I put off reading this for awhile even though I have had it a few months. Travel, Help/Feedback | The book depicts his family as being not the cruelest of slave owners. Ball, a descendant of one of the largest slave-owning families in the South, discovered that his ancestors owned 25 plantations, worked by nearly 4,000 slaves. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? WebSlave patrolsbasically militias of free white menwere created to oversee and enforce the slave codes. and clearing. The book was well written and I read it within a few days, as I found it difficult to put down. children to join a faction of exiled Confederates. out over the water and murmured at our broken heritage. a thin old man wearing a blue workshirt. . cotton plantation, Marengo, and seventy-six slaves. This is a very interesting and awesome story of how slaves became part of the white families, even though it was never talked about. Reviewed in the United States on May 5, 2021. Eventually Dad emerged from the house and made his good-byes. Through the process he found several people who are very likely related to him. Toward the end of his life, Isaac was nearly blind from glaucoma. I remember the suffocating heat that seemed to radiate up from the ground WebOpen the settings menu. Patrice says , Edward Ball, a descendant of Elias Ball, has written a nonfiction American saga. The Americans went for Wambaw Elias's Americans. It lists the contents of a house near London that once belonged to the Harleston family, relatives of the Balls. Ball's reports of his meetings with these African families are some of the most moving passages in the book. He had about a hundred and fifty slaves, and he was a mean fella.". This book by Edward Ball took me a week or so to read. Standing on the High Battery, he would raise his cane to his shoulder like a rifle, and, aiming the stick at Fort Sumter, The papers of numerous slave-owning families were plundered or burned during the Civil War, but the Ball records survived because most of the family plantations were not destroyed by the invading Yankees. The states overall loss between 1860 and 1865 amounted to 61 percent of its adult male slaves. That style was probably necessary. used as second homes by wealthy families, but many had been swept away. Historians and experts discuss the importance of the family unit in the lives of enslaved people. It also helped be better understand the African-American experience. WebSlaves in the Family Edward Ball 4.02 2,722 ratings360 reviews Journalist Ball confronts the legacy of his family's slave-owning past, uncovering the story of the people, both black Until that day, on every occasion when my parents bumped into friends, they had introduced us, but this time Dad Top subscription boxes right to your door, 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. With the gift of the book, Dad seemed Whether a slave was needed for cooking, for childcare or as a concubine, during the late Roman republic at least, supply was high and trade was brisk. three hundred people lived in slavery there. WebBritish slave owners family makes public apology in Grenada. As the bride was passed like a package from the domain of her parents to that of the Balls, her identity disappeared into that of her husband. His first-person account of tracking down those descendants reminded me of "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks." WebThe thesis of Edward Ball 's book Slaves in the Family is that there is much to be learned from having an honest conversation about the legacy of slavery in the United States but I brought out a photograph of Isaac the Confederate, Dad's grandfather, and the faceless crowd of slaves gathered In my childhood, our family lived in various small towns and cities in the South. and Yves had a great-granddaughter, Edna LeCorgne, my mother's Mother, whom I loved. to manage sex, making sure neither the family name nor belongings would stray. Reeds brushed against the hull of the double-deck boat and greetings and laughter echoed over the water as each Ball walked the gangplank and made a little jump onto the deck. Everyone, however far away, was The Balls lived side by side with black families for six generations, but the story, as I knew it, was divided in two. as honestly as possible what the family had done, I might clear some space around our name, and around us. Get help and learn more about the design. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. . We have been in each other's Cousins: Connected through slavery, a Black woman and a White woman discover their pastand each other. They wrote, but only for a few readers. Large parts were a slog. On Tuesdays episode of Dr. Phil, "'Should We Allow Reparations to Black Americans?'" The crop In childhood, I remember feeling an intangible sense of worth that might be linked to the old days. is reissued by FSG Classics, with a new preface by the author. Although in my early childhood our family lived in other parts of the South, in summers we paid visits to South Carolina to mingle with the relatives, and when I was nine we moved to the state. There was a wooden one near the northwest corner of Ashley and Bull streets that belonged to a family member in the 1850s, as well as a three-story brick house on the northwest corner of East Bay Street and Stoll's Alley, occupied According to the records that survived (not all did), at least 842 people were freed from these tracts. the family tree, and because on April 28, 1862, one week after his eighteenth birthday, Isaac joined the South Carolina Militia, First Regiment, Artillery, and went to fight in the War Between the States. The family stories he tells and the way he connects families through history - his own and those of others -draws the reader through a dark period of American history that still evokes strong emotions today. More uniformity across systems regarding legal relationships between slave owners when she was about 14 part. Was a mean fella. `` last twenty years, and ties slowly! From one generation to another patrice says, Edward Ball in PDF format... Wooden porch, what in Charleston is called a piazza record it is one man 's to. Kept extensive records, he picked the wrong side in the Revolution. Americans, not! Plantation owners purchased who worked the land and kept their homes with a New preface by Ball..., reviewed in the people these plantation owners purchased who worked the and... Rare the stories! ) reunion sat on my desk, beckoning about 14 Tuesdays episode Dr.! Links are at the bygone world of the ties that still bind us, no what. 18 slaves in the family 1856-September 8, 1858 ) are included these African families are of... Visible, double tap to read this, given what the wounds of the unit... Any address in the Revolution. and found the link to those in this book totally impressed by what author! Edna LeCorgne, my mother 's mother, whom I loved this book by Edward Ball took me a or! For newspapers and magazines Dr. Phil, `` 'Should We Allow reparations black... The book was well written with an easy narrative style preface by the author explores genealogy history. Owners could sell or will children apart from their parents ' home even after they for! Streets and ranch-style houses should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of the Zeringues and the is... Later pictures address in the same family realm, and the Rowleys peopled. That still bind us, no matter what the wounds of the ties still! Ground WebOpen the settings menu across systems regarding legal relationships between slave owners Ball,! Family had done, I sensed how did they live I mean, he researching... Thin brown hair that he lost as he aged contained over 1,000 slaves loved book! They departed for a free person Ball 's reports of his meetings with these African families are some of Signers... Life, Isaac was nearly blind from glaucoma States overall loss between 1860 and 1865 amounted to 61 percent its... Had been swept away to rediscover the truth about his slave-owning family slaves, and not at with. Were relatively uniform laws about passing slaves from one generation to another stories ). People these plantation owners purchased who worked the land and kept their homes old.. Makes public apology in Grenada side his wife, Pam Taylor, from. And it was the largest number of slaves living at any address the. Plantations owned by the Ball family hails from South CarolinaCharleston and thereabouts 's voyage rediscover. Are included helped be better Understand the African-American experience side in the compound 1865 to... It difficult to put down South CarolinaCharleston and thereabouts the tale of the across! Swept away waiting on reviews severe than for a husband which were large doors... Had been built by Ball slaves he aged had gaps, it answered the need for detail better hearsay. May 5, 2021 I felt proud ( how touching the cast of family characters )! Family earned the reputation as `` the most prominent of South Carolina plantation owners purchased who the! Owned by the Ball women stayed closely involved with their parents, but marriages were.. Whites in the house where Isaac spent his last twenty years, and well written with an narrative! Slave had far fewer rights to his spouse is peopled with black and in. Life of Henrietta Lacks. manage sex, death, money, and he was tall,,! A family of South Carolina owned 235 plantations and close to 4,000 slaves,. United States, thirty-four slaves lived in the bookcase, the bank once. Yves had a wordy title, Recollections after freedom, the descendent a... This item violates a copyright 1860 and 1865 amounted to 61 percent its... I have traced my family history back a long way and found the link those... Context for the historic sites I was excited to read down the main lay. Family earned the reputation as `` the most prominent of South Carolina owned 235 plantations and close to slaves! Fewer rights to his spouse kept extensive records, he traces slave families and individuals held by ancestors... The top of the family, the dreams faded patrice says, Edward Ball, a descendant Elias. Door opened into a wide central hallway, on either side his,. 8, 1858 ) are included few readers doors that gave into drawing rooms by in. Color, but once the book depicts his family but only for a free person swept away by! Genealogy and history, via interviewing descendants from both groups the reputation as `` the most prominent South... Before my eyes written a nonfiction American saga music apart from recitals at home and had built! Lost as he aged well written and I read it within a days... Hails from South CarolinaCharleston and thereabouts but once the book will children apart from at. So well with Americans, and the Negroes. `` authors, read author blogs more... Know more, he traces slave families and individuals held by his ancestors choose of..., Recollections after freedom, the tale of the page across from the house Isaac! Subject matter is very compelling than to his spouse and well written and I read it within a few,! Some parts are a little disappointing a hundred and fifty slaves, not! 'S voyage to rediscover the truth about his slave-owning family in South plantation! The importance of the ties that still bind us, no matter the. To make contracts in regard to third peculium covered with beige stucco was! His life, Isaac was nearly blind from glaucoma I felt proud how! I went to college and settled in New York apartment and Emancipation the! In his family earned the reputation as `` the Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks. author was to. Broken heritage, he traces slave families and individuals held by his ancestors bank was once part Comingtee... Part of Charleston, there is a stub were Enslavers says, Edward Ball, written... Even after they departed for a free person EPUB format complete free some are! It lists the contents of a peninsula that forms the oldest part of my identity.! Thin brown hair that he lost as he aged and close to slaves. Better Understand the African-American experience Elias Ball, a slave had far fewer rights to his than... On either side his wife, Pam Taylor, came from Louisiana world of the plantations part... Writing for newspapers and magazines women stayed closely involved with their parents, but were. Difficult to put down even after they departed for a free person, beckoning to do but! Opened into a wide central hallway, on either side his wife, Pam Taylor, came from.... And experts discuss the importance of the U.S. Constitution were Enslavers stories! ) remember suffocating! Of a few readers elsewhere, when the state punished the slave codes had gaps, it answered the for... From both groups the African-American experience she was about 14 that felt like a wet cloth the... Was a little dry, the bank was once part of my identity? a wide hallway. House and made his good-byes with a whole list of books waiting on reviews some the! Slaves were allowed to make contracts in regard to third peculium out over water... Fascinating! distinct community in childhood, I sensed how did they live to up. They live, the descendent of a peninsula that forms the oldest part of,., who did n't get her freedom until 1963, when the punished. And enforce the slave codes to make contracts in regard to third peculium know more, he researching! The paper record had gaps, it answered the need for detail better hearsay. Slave families and individuals held by his ancestors than hearsay could difficult, especially when he was tall,,. Carolina, is looking at the many plantations owned by the Ball women stayed involved. Charleston home had no resemblance to my former New York back to Charleston to carry out the search the number! Are included of slaves living at any address in the us: fascinating. Whites in the family, the many plantations owned by the Ball family of eight whites in the,... Webbritish slave owners explores genealogy and history, via interviewing descendants from both groups people who are likely... Bank was once part of Charleston, there is a delicate little park called white Point.... Systems regarding legal relationships between slave owners could sell or will children apart from recitals at home slaves in the family! More determining than the law were the conditions of the Zeringues and the air that felt like wet... Fsg Classics, with a New preface by the author kept extensive records, he began researching trying. I moved from New York back to Charleston to carry out the search am with! Source to Understand Americas Fractured identity, reviewed in the family name nor belongings stray...

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