thevenin equivalent calculatorthevenin equivalent calculator

The power dissipation of the Thvenin equivalent is not necessarily identical to the power dissipation of the real system. Draw the Thevenin equivalent network. Calculators: Thevenin Equivalent. 5: Thevenin equivalent circuit without . Remove the component at the terminal a-b, make it open circuit at that terminal and calculate the voltage across that terminal a-b (V ab =V oc =V Th ). By signing up for our newsletter you agree to our Terms of Service and acknowledge receipt of our Privacy Policy. Thevenins theorem was invented by a French engineer Lon Charles Thvenin (hence the name). Wheatstone Bridge Calculator. With some simple Ohms Law, we calculate it out to 5.45V. For proper impedance matching, the equivalent thevenin resistance should be the same as the line characteristic impedance. For step 2, when calculating the equivalent resistance, instead of removing all of the sources and finding the equivalent resistance of the remaining components, short circuit the load. Method 2: Use source transformation. This line will have some open circuit voltage OCV at zero current, and will then have some voltage slope as increasing current is drawn. Since the resistance is the same in both the circuit RN = Rth = 2 Now we will calculate the Thevenin voltage: According to Ohm's sources, Vth = IN RN Vth = 3 A 2 Vth = 6 V So, Thevenin Equivalent Circuit will be, Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Start by breaking the circuit before the diode and convert that part first: View attachment 106443 Edit: Whoops! 4 Draw Thevenins equivalent circuit with V th, R th and load. They're labeled in V and for convenience. Thevenin Norton switch between two. If we have a dependent source, we will need to treat the circuit slightly differently. 2 V t h 2 i + V t h 2 = 2. One final important note is that Ohm's law applies to the equivalent circuits. The calculator can also provide you with the voltage across the bridge (V b ), if you provide the resistor values (R1, R2, R3, R4), and input voltage (V in ). Thevenin Voltage Calculator ( no trigger ), Thevenin Voltage Calculator (with trigger), Thevenin Resistance Calculator ( Single Phase ), Thevenin Resistance Calculator ( 3 Phase ). Again, we start with our circuit and figure out what is going on. As originally stated in terms of direct-current resistive circuits only, Thvenin's theorem states that "Any linear electrical network containing only voltage sources, current sources and resistances can be replaced at terminals AB by an equivalent combination of a voltage source Vth in a series connection with a resistance Rth.". Copyright 2020 everything PE All Rights Reseverd  |  It is important to note that the Thvenin equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only. When the open-circuit test is not available either, this method has to be used. Your email address will not be published. After creating the Thvenin equivalent circuit, the load voltage VL or the load current IL may be easily determined. Show transcribed image text. Step 2: Measure the open-circuit voltage.This will give you the Thevenins voltage (V TH).. do not. Thevenins Theorem is a technique that allows us to convert a circuit (often a complex circuit) into a simple equivalent circuit. Again we calculate the current: V+R1+R6+R5=10V3k+2k4+3k=1.19mA. (5) as seen from terminals a-b. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Strme in krperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche", "Extension de la loi d'Ohm aux circuits lectromoteurs complexes", "Sur un nouveau thorme d'lectricit dynamique", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences, "Origins of the equivalent circuit concept: the voltage-source equivalent", "Origins of the equivalent circuit concept: the current-source equivalent", First-Order Filters: Shortcut via Thvenin Equivalent Source, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thvenin%27s_theorem&oldid=1134443505. In 1933, A. T. Starr published a generalization of Thvenin's theorem in an article of the magazine Institute of Electrical Engineers Journal, titled A New Theorem for Active Networks,[11] which states that any three-terminal active linear network can be substituted by three voltage sources with corresponding impedances, connected in wye or in delta. When calculating a Thvenin-equivalent voltage, thevoltage dividerprinciple is often useful, by declaring one terminal to beVoutand the other terminal to be at the ground point. We were able to simplify the circuit by finding the equivalent parallel resistance of the 200 and 300 ohm resistors, and then we noticed that the voltage across those resistors is actually the Thevenin Voltage. As we remove the 1mA current source, it isolates the 100 ohm resistor and, from the perspective of the load resistor, eliminates the others. Independent sources must be turned on because the dependent source relies on the excitation due to an independent source. It means the theorem applies for AC in an exactly same way to DC except that resistances are generalized to impedances. See the below figure for better understanding. Find R Th by shorting all voltage sources and by open circuiting all the current sources and then see what the resistance looks like from the point of view of the nodes where the load resistor was located. Thevenins Theorem. Thus, we can say that the Norton current is equal to the Thevenin voltage divided by the Thevenin resistance: This equivalence between Thevenin and Norton circuits can be a . Your email address will not be published. Norton current source ( ) is equivalent to the short-circuit current at the terminal a and b. Thvenins Theorem. (4b) gives or 2. Our Thvenin circuit had a voltage source of 4V. Description. The Thevenins equivalent circuit consists of a series resistance of 6.67 and a voltage source of 13.33 V . To find the Thevenin equivalent voltage, we put the voltage source back in and find the voltage across the still open spot where we had the resistor. We need to turnMoreThe Thevenin equivalent resistance rth and we know that in order to calculate. In this tutorial, well focus on DC circuit analysis but just as KCL and KVL apply to both DC and AC, Thevenins does as well. If you need to iterate or vary your load, this makes it much easier to do the calculations. Thevenin's equivalent circuit, when combined with the maximum power transfer condition, allowed us to view any two-terminal circuit as a practical source. Were going to replace the independent voltageMoreFirst so what we need to do is redraw the circuit. App ID. This simplified circuit is known as the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit. In the example, calculating the equivalent voltage: Calculating equivalent resistance (Rx || Ry is the total resistance of two parallel resistors): A Norton equivalent circuit is related to the Thvenin equivalent by. The Thevenin impedance is the series combination of Z1 and Z2; that is, To find VTh, consider the circuit in Figure. The image above shows the example circuit being isolated from the rest of the circuit. Confused? And voltage sources are short-circuited and current sources are opened. It may be stated as follows: any linear network containing an element connected to two terminals A and B may be represented by an equivalent circuit between those terminals consisting of an emf E0 in series with a resistor R0. To calculate the Thevenin equivalent resistance, remove all power sources from the original circuit. 2: Disconnect the load, and calculate voltage between its terminals. Using Ohms Law, we see that the voltage comes out to be -.1V. There is another method for dealing with dependent sources and, as far as we can tell, they yield the same results, so dont be surprised if you learned a different method than this somewhere else. Who are the experts? Step 3: We calculate Thevenins voltage by determining the current that flows through 12 k and 4 k resistors. Privacy. V Th, can be calculated from voltage division To fin R Th. Step 2: Short Circuit Current. resistors, inductor, capacitors, rectifiers, voltage and current sources. See the below figure for better understanding. Steps to calculate Thevenins equivalent circuit. Induction Motor per-phase equivalent circuit. (Circuit 5) Load current, IL = Vth / (Rth + RL) Circuit 5: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Thevenins Theorem Solved Example. Two resistors of the same value i.e R are connected in series. So you dont have to worry about the changed value of RL. To avoid this problem, Lon Charles Thvenin came up with a new approach of circuit analysis, by which the fixed elements of the circuit can be replaced by their equivalent. The Norton Equivalent Circuit: The Norton equivalent circuit represents a general circuit with an independent current source in parallel with the Norton equivalent Resistance. Therefore, the Thevenins voltage, V TH = 12 V. Thevenins theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, irrespective of how complex it is, to an equivalent circuit with a single voltage source and a series resistance. 1. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit diagram Compute the current through and the voltage across the load resistor RL: Given the circuit shown in Figure= A4b with Vsx = 5 [VJ . Solution: Thevenin equivalent voltage ( V eq) is equal to the open-circuit voltage measured across two terminals of load. Current times rn over rn plus rl. Any combination of batteries and resistances with two terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source e and a single series resistor r. The value of e is the open circuit voltage at the terminals, and the value of r is e divided by the current with the terminals short circuited. So, every time you plug in an appliance to the socket the load added to the circuit is different. Without the aid of simulation, you can calculate V THEVENIN and R THEVENIN as follows. [8][9] Thvenin's theorem can be used to convert any circuit's sources and impedances to a Thvenin equivalent; use of the theorem may in some cases be more convenient than use of Kirchhoff's circuit laws.[7][10]. The theorem also applies to frequency domain AC circuits consisting of reactive (inductive and capacitive) and resistive impedances. Specifically, the three components connected in series are (see Figure 7.3.1 (b)): Load resistor, ; This will give you the Thevenins voltage (V TH ). 0:289:22Thevenins Theorem Circuit Analysis YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThis is the thevenin resistance. System Thevenin Impedance at 100MVA base, R1: 0.1475 P.U. Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example (Pictorial Views) Steps to Analyze an Electric Circuit using Norton's Theorem. The Thevenin-equivalent resistance is the resistance measured across points A and B "looking back" into the circuit. Figure 6: Replacing the first stage with its Thevenin equivalent. This is also known as the Helmholtz-Thvenin theorem. Multiple sources and resistors will be converted into a single voltage source and series resistor. If we have a dependent source, we will need to treat the circuit slightly differently. How to Create a Thvenin Equivalent Circuit: A Thvenin equivalent circuit is used to replace a complex section of a circuit with a voltage source and a resistor. Now, calculate the total resistance between the open connection points across load terminals. 1. By creating an account with us you agree to our Terms of Service and acknowledge receipt of our Privacy Policy. The current through the load impedance ZL connected across the output terminals A and B is then calculated from the equation. To find V Th, redraw the circuit to find Thevenin equivalent . So which is similar well which isMoreOkay so there you have it we found v thevenin to be 90 volts. And current I 1 is the current that we need (I SC ). 10.3 (a) consists of an open circuit voltage Eo in series with an impedance Zo. Go ahead and run the simulation. Step 3: We calculate Thevenin's voltage by determining the current that flows through 12 k and 4 k resistors. Thevenin theorem (also known as the HelmholtzThvenin theorem) states that any linear circuit containing only voltage sources, current sources, and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent combination of a voltage source (V Th) in series with a single resistance (R Th) connected across the load. No matter how you change the load in either circuit, the voltage across and current through the load will be the same in both circuits. Step 5: Calculate the Thevenin's Resistance. In a Thevenin equivalent circuit, one Thevenin resistance and one Thevenin voltage source are connected to a load. Thevenin theorem (also known as the HelmholtzThvenin theorem) states that any linear circuit containing only voltage sources, current sources, and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent combination of a voltage source (V Th) in series with a single resistance (R Th) connected across the load. The resistance is measured after replacing all voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances. 1 Remove the load resistance. What is the importance of an equivalent circuit? Thevenin's Theorem Using PSpice Software meikanda sivam 978 subscribers Subscribe 10K views 5 years ago For Solving the DC Electric Circuits Using Thevenin's Theorem in PSpice Software Show. Any two terminal bilateral linear dc circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source in series with a resistance, the voltage source being the open circuited voltage across the open circuited load terminals and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through the open circuited load terminals. Next, well learn about Nortons Theorem, which is related but slightly different. Thvenin equivalent circuit represents a general circuit in a form of an independent voltage source Vth with a since resistance Rth. The angle between the and R axes is the tilt angle R: To check, we can go from A to B via the 12 V battery in which case we have that 40 0.42 12 = 16.8 12 = 4.8 V as before. Despite there being a few steps and the details being easy to forget if you dont go through this very often, the process is quite straightforward. To calculate Thevenin's voltage at first remove the load. Applying KVL to the closed path and taking the clockwise direction to be positive. Consider the per-phase equivalent circuit diagram in Fig. 1:5112:19Thevenins circuit, finding Vth and Rth network theory GATE and IESYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipYou have the function relating il with the I th and RL + v th. To calculate the Norton equivalent resistance for a circuit having a dependent source, we need to calculate the open-circuit voltage (V OC) across the load terminals. Thevenins circuit is a simplified form of a large circuit containing multiple power sources and resistances. Web 20 thvenin's theoremindependent sources thvenin's theorem is a method which converts any linear bilateral ac circuit into a single ac voltage source in series with an. Thevenin, a French engineer, developed work by Helmholtz and published this theorem in 1883. 2 Nullify all power sources (short voltage sources and open current sources) 3 Combine impedances using parallel and series reduction combinations. Step 5/6 5. Many circuits are only linear over a certain range of values, thus the Thvenin equivalent is valid only within this linear range. Copyright 2023 CircuitBread, a SwellFox project. Thevenin equivalent circuit has a single loop. Solution: Step 1: Remove the 5 k from the circuit. The above expression is obtained by using the fact that the voltage of the black box for a given current The measured or calculated equivalent resistance of the circuit across the terminals is called Thevenin Equivalent resistance. Remove the load resistor and replace it with a short circuit. First, we assume that the load resistor is infinite. Calculating the Thvenin equivalent. As seen above, the load is in parallel with the 100 ohm resistor, so we know that whatever the voltage is across the 100 ohm resistor will be our Thevenin voltage. So you dont have to worry about theMoreYou have the function relating il with the I th and RL + v th. Steps 4: The Last of Us Vth, Rth RL It will have to calculate a Thevenin Equivalent Circuit and load current from this circuit (IL) It has to be evaluated. As the system is linear, we can connect our two V-I curve points with a straight line. We therefore need to calculate the current I. Problem: Let's find the Thevenin's equivalent circuit for the above circuit.. Thevenin equivalent voltage ( V eq) is equal to the open-circuit voltage measured across two terminals of load. Current source transformation. Thevenins Theorem is a technique that allows us to convert a circuit (often a complex circuit) into a simple equivalent circuit. Thevenin Resistance, Rth = (R1 R2) / (R1 + R2) Circuit 4: Voltage source short and current source open. And here is the Thevenin equivalent circuit that you can hook the load back into and, from any load's perspective, will provide the same voltage and current as the original circuit. (1). Thevenins Equivalent Circuits are very easy to create and the process is simple, you just need to remember the steps. Next, well learn about Nortons Theorem, which is related but slightly different. This gives us our Thevenin Voltage of -.1V. When calculating a Thvenin-equivalent voltage, the, principle is often useful, by declaring one terminal to be. Norton Theorem - Finding a Norton Equivalent Circuit, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Thevenin Theorem - Finding a Thevenin Equivalent Circuit | CircuitBread Circuits 1, Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Practice Problems, https://www.britannica.com/science/Ohms-law, https://academy.binance.com/en/articles/what-are-nodes. Current times rn over rnMoreAnd to calculate the current flowing through rl is going to be the norton. Thevenins Equivalent Circuits are very easy to create and the process is simple, you just need to remember the steps. Step 2: Measure the open-circuit voltage. We need to turn off all the independent sources. So if I broke it off before the diode. Thevenins theorem is very important in circuit analysis, power system analysis, short circuit calculations and is a key tool for circuit design. When the load has removed the voltage across AB is equal to the voltage across the resistor (R2). The way to remember this intuitively is to think what would happen if you had a 0V voltage source - it would act like a wire, right? - This will we the Thevenin equivalent resistance Rth. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], Thvenin's theorem and its dual, Norton's theorem, are widely used to make circuit analysis simpler and to study a circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response. The Thvenin resistance Rth can be calculated as. Aug 24, 2022. Voltage source transformation. 3. The simplified circuit contains a voltage source (equivalent to the voltage measured across the terminals of the load) and an equivalent resistance in series with the variable load. Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit made up only of voltage sources, current sources, and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent arrangement of a voltage source (VTh) in series with a single resistance (RTh) connected across the load. What Thevenins does is identify the load that you care about, and simplify or reduce everything else. Image transcription text. Find R Th by shorting all voltage sources and by open circuiting all the current sources and then see what the resistance looks like from the point of view of the nodes where the load resistor was located. Multiple sources and resistors will be converted into a single voltage source and series resistor. Now, calculate the total resistance between the open connection points across load terminals. X1: 0.1684 P.U. The Thvenin-equivalent voltage V th is the open-circuit voltage at the output terminals of the original circuit. Thevenin Voltage Calculator ( Single Phase ), is the open-circuit voltage at the output terminals of the original circuit. To find Vth and Rth. If. And here is the Thevenin equivalent circuit that you can hook the load back into and, from any loads perspective, will provide the same voltage and current as the original circuit. After a few years as a CEC Officer (Seabee) in the US Navy, Josh separated and eventually started working on CircuitBread with a bunch of awesome people. draw the THEVENIN Equivalent Circuit. So you dont have to worry about the changed value of RL. Calculations for each of the values of R x can now be quickly computed by simply applying the voltage . Since Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorems are two equally valid methods of reducing a complex network down to something simpler to analyze, there must be some way to convert a Thevenin equivalent circuit to a Norton equivalent circuit and vice versa. And we know that in order to calculate the current through the.! Measured after Replacing all voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances Law, we see that thevenin equivalent calculator! Resistors, inductor, capacitors, rectifiers, voltage and current sources voltage current. And taking the clockwise direction to be the norton off all the independent so... 10.3 ( a ) consists of a large circuit containing multiple power sources short..., by declaring one terminal to be 90 volts so there you have it found! Voltage division to fin R th and RL + V th, this makes it much easier to the... Straight line Theorem was invented by a French engineer Lon Charles Thvenin ( hence name. Disconnect the load impedance ZL connected across the output terminals of the original circuit points with straight. Calculate voltage between its terminals be 90 volts and Z2 ; that is, to find Thevenin resistance! This method has to be -.1V redraw the circuit is different combination of Z1 and Z2 ; that,! After Replacing all thevenin equivalent calculator and current-sources with their internal resistances k and 4 k resistors find VTh, the. We found V Thevenin and R Thevenin as follows after Replacing all voltage- and current-sources with internal... Note is that Ohm & # x27 ; s Law applies to the equivalent Thevenin and... Ab is equal to the circuit slightly differently a straight line 6: Replacing the first stage its. Same as the Thevenin resistance and one Thevenin resistance and one Thevenin voltage source and series resistor diode. By Helmholtz and published this Theorem in 1883 a single voltage source of 4V give you the thevenins equivalent,! Final important note is that Ohm & # x27 ; s resistance is Ohm. Off before the diode impedance is the series combination of Z1 and Z2 ; is! Our circuit and figure out what is going to replace the independent sources Replacing all voltage- and current-sources with internal... Of reactive ( inductive and capacitive ) and resistive impedances replace the independent sources, by declaring one to! Our two V-I curve points with a straight line related but slightly different 6.67 and voltage... K resistors 10.3 ( a ) consists of a large circuit containing power! Rl + V t h 2 I + V th we the Thevenin resistance. Calculate the total resistance between the open connection points across load terminals out., short circuit circuit voltage Eo in series with an impedance Zo th, redraw the circuit as Thevenin. Of 6.67 and a voltage source VTh with a straight line, can be calculated the! Consider the circuit in a form of a series resistance of 6.67 and a voltage source series. Is equal to the short-circuit current at the output terminals of load invented by a French,... Rth and we know that in order to calculate the current that flows through 12 k and k! Resistance Rth many circuits are very easy to create and the process is simple you. Circuit consists of a large circuit containing multiple power sources ( short sources... And RL + V th, can be calculated from voltage division to fin R th ), is series. Total resistance between the open connection points across load terminals engineer, developed work by and... Of an open circuit voltage Eo in series with an impedance Zo th is the open-circuit voltage the. Now, calculate the current through the load, and calculate voltage between its.! Should be the same value i.e R are connected to a load Lon Charles Thvenin ( the. We found V Thevenin and R Thevenin as follows a and B & quot ; the! The real system method has to be 90 volts, thus the Thvenin equivalent is valid only within linear... ; that is, to find Thevenin equivalent simple, you can V! Connection points across load terminals and current-sources with their internal resistances replace it a... Voltagemorefirst so what we need to treat the circuit is known as the line impedance! Calculations for each of the original circuit analysis YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipEnd of clipEnd! If you need to iterate or vary your load, this makes it much to... Output terminals a and b. Thvenins Theorem load has removed the voltage comes out to be across load..: Thevenin equivalent resistance Rth will we the Thevenin & # x27 ; s Law applies to the equivalent are. Circuit with V th, can be calculated from voltage division to fin th! That flows through 12 k and 4 k resistors simplified form of a large circuit multiple. Agree to thevenin equivalent calculator Terms of Service and acknowledge receipt of our Privacy Policy across the output terminals of the equivalent..., and website in this browser for the next time I comment the Thvenin equivalent,!, you just need to do is redraw the circuit in a form of an independent voltage VTh! The image above shows the example circuit being isolated from the original circuit, just... Circuit being isolated from the rest of the circuit to find V th I V! In figure: remove the load current IL may be easily determined analysis, circuit... And a voltage source are connected to a load series reduction combinations in figure resistance 6.67! Thevenins equivalent circuit, the, principle is often useful, by one!, by declaring one terminal to be the norton across two terminals the... Calculate thevenins voltage by determining the current through the load resistor is infinite base,:! Into the circuit in thevenin equivalent calculator redraw the circuit calculated from voltage division fin! Labeled in V and for convenience to find V th, R th across AB is to! Be calculated from the equation current at the output terminals of load have to worry about the changed of! We found V Thevenin to be 90 volts, consider the circuit slightly differently well isMoreOkay! Is equal to the power dissipation of the original circuit by signing up for newsletter... A voltage source of 13.33 V a key tool for circuit design is valid only this... And a voltage source of 4V voltage, thevenin equivalent calculator load added to the open-circuit voltage at the terminals. Which is related but slightly different through the load that you care about, calculate. Points with a straight line very important in circuit analysis YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested is. 5 k from the rest of the values of R x can now be quickly computed simply... To fin R th labeled in V and for convenience simplify or reduce everything else V Thevenin to be.! With our circuit and figure out what is going on resistance, remove all sources... ) consists of a large circuit containing multiple power sources ( short voltage sources resistors. In figure by creating an account with us you agree to our Terms of and! Connection points across load terminals & quot ; looking back & quot ; back... Thvenin circuit had a voltage source of 4V first remove the 5 k from equation... The calculations learn about Nortons Theorem, which is related but slightly.... Linear, we start with our circuit and figure out what is going to replace the independent sources points and. Isolated from the equation with the I th and RL + V th, th..., developed work by Helmholtz and published this Theorem in 1883 parallel and series resistor 2 Measure., we calculate it out to be -.1V, R th so, every time you plug an! The process is simple, you can calculate V Thevenin to be 90 volts short.. The calculations 2 I + V t h 2 I + V t h 2 =.... All the independent voltageMoreFirst so what we need to remember the steps i.e R are connected in.! Linear, we will need to iterate or vary your load, and simplify or reduce everything else that. Flowing through RL is going to be positive only within this linear range real system,:... Circuit, one Thevenin resistance should be the norton but slightly different name, email, and website this. ) 3 Combine impedances using parallel and series resistor for proper impedance,... Over a certain range of values, thus the Thvenin equivalent circuit then from! Thus the Thvenin equivalent circuit represents a general circuit in a form of series!, every time you plug in an appliance to the equivalent Thevenin resistance and one Thevenin resistance were to... For AC in an exactly same way to DC except that resistances are generalized to impedances and taking clockwise. Voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances sources ) 3 Combine impedances using parallel and series resistor will... Resistance measured across two terminals of load easier to do the calculations very important in circuit analysis, short.... Replacing the first stage with its Thevenin equivalent circuit, one Thevenin voltage Calculator ( single Phase ) is... Circuit had a voltage source and series resistor makes it much easier to the. Il with the I th and load = 2 are opened remove all power sources from the circuit in.!: Thevenin equivalent resistance Rth process is simple, you just need to remember steps. The output terminals of the original circuit related but slightly different of an open circuit voltage Eo in with... Linear range form of a large circuit containing multiple power sources ( short voltage are. You dont have to worry about the changed value of RL, you just need to treat circuit..., capacitors, rectifiers, voltage and current sources ) 3 Combine impedances using and!

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