The primary outcome for this study is the type and timing of risk management options (surveillance, chemoprevention, surgery) taken up over the course of the study (i.e., 12 months). View details for DOI 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6204. A., Sickles, E. A., Brenner, R. J., Lindfors, K. K., Joe, B. N., Leung, J. W., Feig, S. A., Bassett, L. W., Daniel, B. L., Kurian, A. W., Love, E., Ryan, L., Walgenbach, D. D., Ikeda, D. M. Patterns and predictors of breast cancer chemotherapy use in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2004-2007. The following two clinical benefits emerged: (1) reduced anxiety among care partners who use the app and (2) the potential for identifying survivor symptoms noted by the care partner, which might prevent adverse events.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04018677; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04018677. Lowry, K. P., Geuzinge, H., Stout, N. K., Alagoz, O., Hampton, J. M., Kerlikowske, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Schecter, C., Sprague, B. L., Trentham-Dietz, A., Tosteson, A. We examined whether accounting for racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of clinical, patient, and lifestyle and contextual factors that are associated with breast cancer-specific mortality can explain this disparity.The California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium combined interview data from six California-based breast cancer studies with cancer registry data to create a large racially diverse cohort of women with primary invasive breast cancer. We undertook the current analysis to determine population-based distributions of breast cancer subtypes among six ethnic Asian groups in California. Alagoz, O., Lowry, K. P., Kurian, A. W., Mandelblatt, J. S., Ergun, M. A., Huang, H., Lee, S. J., Schechter, C. B., Tosteson, A. N., Miglioretti, D. L., Trentham-Dietz, A., Nyante, S. J., Kerlikowske, K., Sprague, B. L., Stout, N. K. Germline variants and breast cancer survival in patients with distant metastases at primary breast cancer diagnosis. Oncol. Compared with cisgender heterosexual patients, those from SGM groups experienced a delay in time from symptom onset to diagnosis (median time to diagnosis, 34 vs 64 days; multivariable adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42-0.99; P=.04), were more likely to decline an oncologist-recommended treatment modality (35 [38%] vs 18 [20%]; multivariable adjusted odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.09-4.74; P=.03), and were more likely to experience a breast cancer recurrence (multivariable adjusted hazard ratio, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.56-6.03; P=.001).This study found that among patients with breast cancer, those from SGM groups experienced delayed diagnosis, with faster recurrence at a 3-fold higher rate compared with cisgender heterosexual patients. These chromatin alterations are reflected in transcriptional profiles of pre-malignant tissues from BRCA2 carriers and, therefore, may reflect naturalsteps in human disease. We used a multivariable model to test for interaction between affected gene and family history extent for ATM, BRCA1/2, CHEK2, and PALB2.A total of 34,865 women linked to genetic results. Bruinooge, S. S., Dueck, A. C., Gray, S. W., Butler, N. L., White, C. B., Smith, M., Mangat, P. K., Kurian, A. W., Railey, E., Hawley, S. T., Schilsky, R. L. Differences among Asian/Asian American, and Caucasian breast and gynecologic cancer patient reported survivorship needs, symptoms, and illness mindsets (N=220). View details for Web of Science ID 000329061100013, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3864715. Conclusion Many patients with breast cancer are tested without ever seeing a genetic counselor. However, CTC transcriptional profiling is limited by leukocyte contamination; an approach to surmount this problem is single cell analysis. Martinez, K. A., Kurian, A. W., Hawley, S. T., Jagsi, R. Clinical actionability of multi-gene panel tests for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Ellisen, L., Lincoln, S., Kurian, A. W., et al, Addressing lack of US insurance coverage of Cancer Hereditary Multiplex Testing, Trosman, J., Weldon, C., Kurian, A. W., Douglas, M., et al. Each imaging subtype was associated with specific dysregulated molecular pathways that can be therapeutically targeted.Imaging subtypes provide complimentary value to established histopathological or molecular subtypes, and may help stratify breast cancer patients. Use of and mortality after bilateral mastectomy compared with other surgical treatments for breast cancer in California, 1998-2011. Kurian, A. W., Ward, K. C., Howlader, N., Deapen, D., Hamilton, A. S., Mariotto, A., Miller, D., Katz, S. J., Penberthy, L. Unmet need for clinician engagement about financial toxicity after diagnosis of breast cancer. Emerging Opportunity of Cascade Genetic Testing for Population-Wide Cancer Prevention and Control. Rsd Derek Game. Daly, M. B., Pilarski, R., Axilbund, J. E., Buys, S. S., Crawford, B., Friedman, S., Garber, J. E., Horton, C., Kaklamani, V., Klein, C., Kohlmann, W., Kurian, A., Litton, J., Madlensky, L., Marcom, P. K., Merajver, S. D., Offit, K., Pal, T., Pasche, B., Reiser, G., Shannon, K. M., Swisher, E., Voian, N. C., Weitzel, J. N., Whelan, A., Wiesner, G. L., Dwyer, M. A., Kumar, R. Breast Density Categorization Creep Response. Approximately 28% had a high school education or less, and 23% were non-English-speaking. Surveys were sent approximately 2 months after surgery. However, few data exist for racial/ethnic groups other than non-Latina whites. Electronic medical records (EMRs) and population-based cancer registries contain information on cancer outcomes and treatment, yet rarely capture information on the timing of metastatic cancer recurrence, which is essential to understand cancer survival outcomes. The intent of vaccination is to induce a combined antibody and T-cell anti-HER-2 immune
This randomised control trial (registration number to follow), based in genetic centres in the UK and US, will randomise participants on a 1:1 basis to either receive conventional cancer risk estimates, as per routine clinical practice, or to receive a personalised risk estimate. Kurian, A. W., Griffith, K. A., Hamilton, A. S., Ward, K. C., Morrow, M. n., Katz, S. J., Jagsi, R. n. Recent Trends in Chemotherapy Use and Oncologists' Treatment Recommendations for Early-Stage Breast Cancer. The model closely reproduced observed rates in both independent data sets.Our validated clinical decision tool is flexible, readily adaptable to include new therapies, and can support discussions about genomic testing and early breast cancer treatment. In the Oncoshare project, we have developed such methods as part of a collaborative multi-institutional CER study of patterns, predictors, and outcome of breast cancer care. While free-text clinic notes may offer the greatest nuance and detail about a patient's clinical status, they are largely excluded in previous predictive models due to the increase in processing complexity and need for a complex modeling framework. Lin, G. A., Trosman, J. R., Douglas, M. P., Weldon, C. B., Scheuner, M. T., Kurian, A., Phillips, K. A. The efficacy of treatments for these diseases will
View details for Web of Science ID 000288751500010, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3046442. (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) correlations and to evaluate the pharmacogenomic (PGx)
this test of genetic testing. Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. Norton, J. View details for DOI 10.1007/s10552-016-0715-8, View details for Web of Science ID 000526998300201. View details for DOI 10.1200/CCI.19.00034. Our objective was to characterize trends in annual surveillance mammography participation among women with a personal history of breast cancer over a 13-year period.We examined annual surveillance mammography participation from 2004 to 2016 in a nationwide sample of commercially insured women with prior breast cancer. View details for DOI 10.1200/CCI.20.00165. It's necessary to re-evaluate these variants in large GWAS datasets.Of these 279 variants, data were obtained for 228 from GWAS conducted within the Asian Breast Cancer Consortium (24,206 cases and 24,775 controls) and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (122,977 cases and 105,974 controls of European ancestry). Thomas Kurian CEO at Google Cloud Atherton, California, United States 73K followers 500+ connections Join to view profile Google Stanford University Graduate School of Business Activity As a 26. We also surveyed 761 surgeons and radiation oncologists treating breast cancer in those regions, of whom, 539 responded (71%).After BCS, 23% of patients omitted RT, with twice the rate of omission in Los Angeles County relative to Georgia (31% vs 16%; P. Multiple-gene, next-generation sequencing panels are increasingly used to assess hereditary cancer risks of patients with diverse personal and family cancer histories. Considering the joint impacts of these social factors may offer insights to understanding inequalities by multiple social determinants of health. [12][13] Application server software became Oracle's fastest-growing business primarily because of his efforts. The coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass coefficient (ICC) were estimated using the random effect model.Reproducibility for the assay was satisfactory, with a CV of 11.2% and an ICC of 98.9%; correlation between the replicate samples was also high (R = 0.96). There are concerns that multigene panel testing compared with BRCA1/ 2-only testing after diagnosis of breast cancer may lead to unnecessary patient worry about cancer because of more ambiguous results.Patients with breast cancer diagnosed from 2013 to 2015 and accrued from SEER registries in Georgia and Los Angeles were surveyed (n = 5,080; response rate, 70%), and responses were merged with SEER data and germline genetic testing and results. Future studies incorporating data on multiple cancer types are likely to identify additional regions associated with the risk of multiple cancer types. Trends in germline genetic testing and results into survivorship for women diagnosed with breast cancer or ovarian cancer, 2013 to 2017. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are rare cells found in the blood of patients with solid tumors and may play a key role in cancer dissemination. Recurrence risk perception and quality of life after treatment of breast cancer, Hawley, S., Janz, N., Jagsi, R., Griffith, K., Friese, C., Kurian, A. W., et al. The MA-PRS is a combination of three ancestry-specific PRSs on the basis of genetic ancestral composition. Racial/ethnic disparities in mortality among US breast cancer patients are well documented. I lead a large population-based study, "Genetic testing, treatment use, and mortality after diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancer: the Georgia-California GeneLINK Initiative" (R01 CA225697), of genetic testing results linked to SEER registry data, with the aim of understanding the epidemiology, treatment and survival implications of cancer susceptibility gene mutations at the population level. This study is the next step in a larger research effort to
Our model maintains a Markov belief about the effectiveness of the different therapies and updates it as therapies are administered and tumor images are observed, reflecting tumor response. Adding annual breast screening provides gains of 2.0 to 9.9 years for BRCA1 and 1.5 to 4.3 years for BRCA2. A cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate survival while controlling for clinical and demographic factors.The best survival pattern was observed among women with HR+/HER2- subtype (survival rate of 92.5% at four years), followed by HR+/HER2+ (90.3%), HR-/HER2+ (82.7%), and finally worst survival for triple-negative subtype (77.0%). Partners. May, S., Rendle, K., Ventre, N., Frosch, D., Kurian, A. UNIV ALBERTA, INT INST QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY. The rate of a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) result was higher in nonwhites than whites (36% vs. 27%; P=2E-4). [5][12][16][17][18], Thomas Kurian was the 18th highest-paid man in the US in 2010, according to CNN. We used decision analysis to simulate risk-reducing strategies in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and to compare resulting survival probability and causes of death.We developed a Monte Carlo model of breast screening with annual mammography plus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from ages 25 to 69 years, prophylactic mastectomy (PM) at various ages, and/or prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) at ages 40 or 50 years in 25-year-old BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.With no intervention, survival probability by age 70 is 53% for BRCA1 and 71% for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Residual breast cancer correlation within families was strong, suggesting substantial risk heterogeneity in women without BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, with some 3.4% of them accounting for roughly one third of breast cancer cases.These results support the practice of advising noncarriers that they do not have any increase in breast cancer risk attributable to the family-specific BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Compared to non-Hispanic White women, Korean [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-2.2], Filipina (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2-1.5), Vietnamese (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6), and Chinese (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.3) women had a significantly increased risk of being diagnosed with HER2-positive breast cancer subtypes after adjusting for age, stage, grade, socioeconomic status, histology, diagnosis year, nativity, and hospital ownership status. Toxicity differences observed by treatment modality may inform decision making. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. We present a patient case and review of the literature to support a thorough pre-transplantation evaluation of family history and consideration of prophylactic interventions to safeguard the quality of life of transplant recipients. Copy number alterations in chromosome 1q32, 8q24, and 11q13 were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We examined patient reports of cancer worry by test type and results in 1,063 women who linked to a genetic test and reported undergoing testing.More than half of the sample (n = 640; 60.2%) received BRCA1/2-only testing versus 423 patients (39.8%) who had a multigene panel. The two models showed similar discrimination in each racial/ethnic group, discriminating least well in Hispanics. Results: Barriers to HCP coverage included poor fit with coverage frameworks (100%); insufficient evidence (100%); departure from pedigree/family history-based testing toward genetic screening (91%); lacking rigor in the HCP hybrid research/clinical setting (82%); and patient transparency and involvement concerns (82%). Fifty-eight percent of adopters were small payers. With minimal requirement for task specific customization, the proposed method can be easily transferable to a different domain to support large scale text mining or derivation of patient phenotype. The distribution of breast cancer molecular subtypes has been shown to vary by race/ethnicity, highlighting the importance of host factors in breast tumor biology. To study the impact of rising bilateral mastectomy rates among neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) recipients in California.NAC for operable breast cancer (BC) can downstage disease and facilitate breast conservation. We used Cox regression to estimate risk associations with log-transformed weight and BMI after adjusting for underlying familial risk. B., Zou, Z., Zhang, F., Howlader, N., Kurian, A. W., Etzioni, R. Pathogenic Variants in Less Familiar Cancer Susceptibility Genes: What Happens After Genetic Testing? Wapnir, I. L., Kurian, A. W., Lichtensztajn, D. Y., et al, Optimizing the Threshold for Genetic Testing for Colorectal Cancer Syndromes, Naghi, L., Spector, K., Haisman, J., Kurian, A. W., et al. The only independent predictor of BCS after NAC was care at a NCI-designated center (OR 1.28, CI 1.10-1.49), and of BLM, age <40 years versus 50 to 64 years (OR 2.59, CI 2.21-3.03), or residence in the highest socioeconomic neighborhood quintile versus lowest (OR 2.10, CI 1.67-2.64).NAC use remains low. Evidence-based guidelines recommend cascade genetic counseling and testing for hereditary cancer syndromes, providing relatives the opportunity for early detection and prevention of cancer. Chen, X., Shachter, R., Kurian, A., Rubin, D. The impact of doctor-patient communication on patients' perceptions of their risk of breast cancer recurrence. Prophylactic mastectomy (PM) is often considered, but variably chosen by women at high inherited risk of breast cancer; few data exist on patient tolerance of intensive breast screening as an alternative to PM. Kurian, A. W., Hughes, E., Handorf, E. A., Gutin, A., Allen, B., Hartman, A. R., Hall, M. J. Pathogenic germline mutations in emerging cancer genes: What happens after panel testing? Kurian, A. W., Abrahamse, P., Hamilton, A. S., Caswell-Jin, J. L., Gomez, S. L., Hofer, T. J., Ward, K. C., Katz, S. J. Jayasekera, J., Sparano, J. In case-control analysis, CDH1 and BRCA2 PVs were associated with high risks of ILC (odds ratio [OR] > 4) and CHEK2, ATM, and PALB2 PVs were associated with moderate (OR = 2-4) risks. Horton, C., LaDuca, H., Blanco, K., Lo, M., Speare, V., Dolinsky, J., Kurian, A. (7) We sought to replicate these prospective findings in the large WHI cohort, for which important potential confounders, e.g. Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. He has an identical twin, George also a Silicon Valley executive. Our purpose is to describe the appearance of breast ductal enhancement found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after breast ductal lavage (DL). survival by adding iniparib (BSI-201/SAR240550) to the combination of gemcitabine/carboplatin
Patients identified their oncologists (n=504) of whom 304 responded to surveys (60%). Culver, J. O., Ricker, C. N., Bonner, J. n., Kidd, J. n., Sturgeon, D. n., Hodan, R. n., Kingham, K. n., Lowstuter, K. n., Chun, N. M., Lebensohn, A. P., Rowe-Teeter, C. n., Levonian, P. n., Partynski, K. n., Lara-Otero, K. n., Hong, C. n., Morales Pichardo, J. n., Mills, M. A., Brown, K. n., Lerman, C. n., Ladabaum, U. n., McDonnell, K. J., Ford, J. M., Gruber, S. B., Kurian, A. W., Idos, G. E. Patterns of social media use and associations with psychosocial outcomes among breast and gynecologic cancer survivors. We performed an evaluation of high-risk women's tolerance of a breast screening protocol using clinical breast examination, mammography, breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ductal lavage (DL), and of change in attitudes toward PM after screening.A questionnaire assessing tolerance of screening procedures and change in opinion towards PM was designed and administered to 43 study participants, after a median follow-up of 13 months. Financial toxicity subgroups were compared based on a validated grading system.Participants (N=273; 74% breast cancer) averaged 54.65 years (SD=12.08), were 3.42 years (SD=4.20) post-diagnosis, and 33% reported cancer-related change in employment status. Second Opinions From Medical Oncologists for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Prevalence, Correlates, and Consequences. Combined Asian and European PRSs (333 single-nucleotide variations) had a hazard ratio per SD of 1.53 (95% CI= 1.37-1.71) and an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.621 (95% CI= 0.608-0.635). Allison Kurian @AllisonKurian Medical oncologist focused on genetics and prevention of women's cancers. Preventive surgery after multiplex genetic panel testing (MGPT). For patients carrying a VUS, clinical documentation was assessed for evidence of provider awareness of the conflict.50/975 (5.1%) patients with non-negative results carried a variant with a clinically significant conflict, 19 with a P/LP variant reported in APC or MUTYH, and 31 with a VUS reported in CDKN2A, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MUTYH, RAD51C, or TP53. Kurian, A. W., Mitani, A., Desai, M., Yu, P. P., Seto, T., Weber, S. C., Olson, C., Kenkare, P., Gomez, S. L., de Bruin, M. A., Horst, K., Belkora, J., May, S. G., Frosch, D. L., Blayney, D. W., Luft, H. S., Das, A. K. HER2 Positive Rates Vary by County and Geographic Region in California Independent of Stage and Age at Presentation. The results in MINDACT and Asian women from BCAC were consistent.An increased PRS313 is associated with favorable tumor characteristics, but is not independently associated with prognosis. Twelve of seventeen [70.6% (46.8-87.2%)] samples with atypia were from non-fluid-yielding ducts. The neural network model predicted the timing of distant metastatic recurrence with a sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.73, outperforming the rule-based model, which had a specificity of 0.35 and sensitivity of 0.88 (P < .001).We developed an NLP method that enables identification of the occurrence and timing of metastatic breast cancer recurrence from EMRs. Thomas Kurian, CEO of Alphabet's Google Cloud, speaks at the Google Cloud Next conference in San Francisco on April 9, 2019. Allison, K. H., Jensen, K., West, R., Clarke, C. A., Gomez, S. L., Kurian, A. W. Beyond Barriers: Systemic Constraints Limiting Sexual Health Care for Breast Cancer Survivors. Liang, S., Richardson, M., Chen, T., Colocci, N., Kurian, A., de Briun, M., Chan, C., Chan, J. Twenty-one-gene recurrence score (RS) in germline (g)CHEK2 mutation-associated versus sporadic breast cancers (BC): A multi-site case-control study. Most women who were influenced by "communication with a clinician" had reasonably accurate recurrence estimates (68%). [11], On December 1, 2015, Kurian was promoted to associate professor of medicine, health research, and policy. Tamoxifen was associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis than AI (multivariable HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.32-0.62). The Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) found chemotherapy could be omitted in many women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer and 21-gene recurrence scores (RS) 11-25, but left unanswered questions.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer disproportionately affects young women and African Americans, has a poor prognosis, and lacks an effective chemoprevention agent. We evaluated survival after nipple-sparing mastectomy versus non-nipple-sparing mastectomy in a population-based cancer registry.We conducted an observational study using the California Cancer Registry, considering all stage 0-III breast cancers diagnosed in California from 1988 to 2013. Ho, P. J., Khng, A. J., Tan, B. K., Tan, E. Y., Tan, S. M., Tan, V. K., Lim, G. H., Aronson, K. J., Chan, T. L., Choi, J. Y., Dennis, J., Ho, W. K., Hou, M. F., Ito, H., Iwasaki, M., John, E. M., Kang, D., Kim, S. W., Kurian, A. W., Kwong, A., Lophatananon, A., Matsuo, K., Mohd-Taib, N. A., Muir, K., Murphy, R. A., Park, S. K., Shen, C. Y., Shu, X. O., Teo, S. H., Wang, Q., Yamaji, T., Zheng, W., Bolla, M. K., Dunning, A. M., Easton, D. F., Pharoah, P. D., Hartman, M., Li, J. Genome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies of mammographic density phenotypes reveal novel loci. Multi-step processing, including deep-learning-based segmentation, revealed variability in the composition of tumor-immune populations across individuals, reconciled by overall immune infiltration and enriched co-occurrence of immune subpopulations and checkpoint expression. We evaluated the joint associations between a new 313-variant PRS (PRS313) and questionnaire-based breast cancer risk factors for women of European ancestry, using 72,284 cases and 80,354 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Here we identify 290 genetic determinants of ovarian ageing, assessed using normal variation in age at natural menopause (ANM) in about 200,000 women of European ancestry. determined in previous studies of participants with mBC and the safety data to date suggest
expression profile in tumor samples. On multivariable analysis of women with HR-positive/HER2-negative disease, receipt of a more intensive chemotherapy regimen varied significantly by genetic results (p=.02), with platinum receipt more common among BRCA1/2 PV carriers (odds ratio 2.44, 95% confidence interval 1.36-4.38, p We conducted a survey of cancer genetic counselors based in the United States through the National Society of Genetic Counselors to assess the impact of reimbursement and patient OOP share on ordering of an HCP and hereditary cancer genetic counseling. Cause-specific proportional hazards models estimated SPLC risk. Dr. Kurian's research has been supported by the National Cancer Institute, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the California Breast Cancer Research Program, the Cancer Research and Prevention Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the BRCA Foundation.As Director of the Stanford Womens Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Dr. Kurian focuses her clinical practice on women at high risk for developing breast and gynecologic cancers. Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations face difficult decisions about managing their high risks of breast and ovarian cancer. There is growing concern about overtreatment of breast cancer as outcomes have improved over time. Patients and Methods We surveyed 5,080 patients between the ages of 20 and 79 years, diagnosed from July 2013 to August 2015 with early-stage breast cancer and reported to the SEER registries of Georgia and Los Angeles County. We sought to characterize the use of social media (SM) among breast and gynecologic cancer survivors, as well as associations between patterns of SM use and psychosocial outcomes.Two hundred seventy-three breast and gynecologic cancer survivors recruited at the Stanford Women's Cancer Center completed the study. compared with a placebo in treating postmenopausal women who have received hormone therapy
Advances in breast cancer treatment have reduced the mortality rates over the past 25 years by up to 34% but not all groups have benefitted equally from these improvements. The current article reports preliminary results from a screening protocol using high-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ductal lavage (DL), clinical breast examination, and mammography to identify early malignancy and high-risk lesions in women at increased genetic risk of breast carcinoma.Women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or women with a >10% risk of developing breast carcinoma at 10 years, as estimated by the Claus model, were eligible. School education or less, and 11q13 were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ) surmount problem. For racial/ethnic groups other than non-Latina whites because of his efforts their high risks breast! Treatment modality may inform decision making is limited by leukocyte contamination ; an approach surmount... 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