The blog takes its name from the number of electors in the United States electoral college: 538. The only question is whether or not Valentine can temper his actions. At the same time that Graff is freaking out because of Ender's computerized similarity to Peter, Valentine realizes that there is much of Peter in her as well. Parallels were drawn between famous Roman orator Cicero's speeches (against Mark Antony) and Demosthenes' speeches. Graff is furious that the computer threw the image of Peter into Ender's game. Her tenth birthday. Unfortunately, because all of the surviving speeches are carefully edited texts, it cannot be established how often Demosthenes spoke extemporaneously. Demosthenes tightly reasoned oration helped persuade the Athenians to build up their naval strength quietly to show the Persians that, though Athens would not launch an attack, it was ready to fight. The second is the Enough-And-As-Good Proviso, also known as the Lockean Proviso. After witnessing the shocking events from yesterday, we decided to launch this publication under the pen names of Locke and Demosthenes. What are the names of God in various Kenyan tribes? Graff wants to know why Ender's brothers picture was shown, and Imbu explains that the mind game is between the child and the computer. The Athenian Assembly was a loosely organized, often tumultuous body of up to 6,000 male citizens; it was capable of shouting down a speaker it did not like or of routing him with laughter. His escape from prison made it impossible for him to return to Athens to raise money for the fine. John Locke is regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of modern times. By moving past the aggressive, Peter-influenced parts of his personality, he turns himself into a newer, deadlier kind of warriora Valentine who is also a snake, as the game symbolically portrays. Demosthenes was the son of a wealthy manufacturer of weapons named Demosthenes of . When a person works, that labour enters into the object. It's far more likely Peter is holding food in panel 1 and has dropped it on the ground for the squirrel to eat in panel 2108.162.250.212 05:02, 17 December 2014 (UTC), https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=635:_Locke_and_Demosthenes&oldid=282660. would you like to make some invite posts on my blog? Peter's twelfth birthday. The thread running through this chapter is that there's a larger problem than . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ender has been in a state of despair, and his anger reaches enough of an emotional peak to move him farther in the mind game than he had ever been. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Sometimes it can end up there. Philip is at war with us, he declared, and has broken the peace. Shortly afterward, Demosthenes delivered his Third Philippic, perhaps the most successful single speech in his long campaign against Philip. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. He was an assiduous student of Greek history, using detailed historical parallels in almost all his public speeches, and reportedly copied out Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War eight times in order to improve his command of language and to absorb its history. creating and saving your own notes as you read. As Locke and Demosthenes, each article in this publication will be signed by the respective author at the bottom of the page. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Their ideas begin to spread, and Peter has lots of patience. The title text uses Locke's full name, Peter Wiggin, and is formed as a short letter that informs him that he has become the president of the world, and that he should meet tomorrow 8:00 sharp at the United Nations (UN) headquarters. It is considered one of the most influential works with its ideas deeply and profoundly affecting subsequent philosophical thought. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Because of Graffs essentially manipulative nature, it seems clear that he is here to use Valentine to influence Ender. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious tolerance and educational theory. At the age of 20 the young Demosthenes found himself without his fortune, without a trade or profession, and with seemingly little prospect for success in any field. When Orson Scott Card wrote Ender's Game, Peter and Valentine's plan was based on a sci-fi idea expected to occur in the near future. The speech, On the Navy Boards, was a marked success. Demosthenes skill in his speeches against Aphobus was recognized by wealthier men in need of a logographer; he soon acquired wealthy and powerful clients willing to pay well for his services. A string of victories emboldened Alexander to demand that Athens surrender Demosthenes and seven other orators who had opposed his father and himself; only a special embassy to Alexander succeeded in having that order rescinded. Demosthenes and his policies had received a massive vote of popular approval. The Philippics. Thus, even though the concept had been explored earlier, he is regarded by many as the founder of modern philosophical empiricism. The Macedonian army was well organized under a single brilliant commander who used cavalry in coordination with highly disciplined infantry, while the Greek alliance depended upon what was essentially a group of citizens militia. In 4th-century democratic Athens every citizen who wished to prosecute a lawsuit or to defend himself against accusation had to do the speaking himself. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Time passes quickly in Cards novel, especially in the sweeping events he relates regarding Valentine and Peter. SparkNotes PLUS Demosthenes was found guilty, fined 50 talents, and imprisoned. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. His most important work in the field is Some Thoughts Concerning Education, which was published in 1693. Her parents' anniversary. Democracy is simply not a concept that can be taken for granted. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Peter notes that there were plenty of people in history who controlled politics using only their words, and so he and Valentine could do the same. Birth Country: United Kingdom. For four years Locke remained under Busbys instruction and control (Busby was a strong disciplinarian who much favoured the birch). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. for a group? An important feature of the book was that it says to be a true Christian and worthy of salvation an individual only needs to believe one simple truth: that Jesus is the Messiah. In 349 Demosthenes delivered three stirring speeches (the Olynthiacs) to elicit aid for Olynthus, but the city fell the following year without significant help from Athens. John Locke was born in 1632 in Wrighton, Somerset. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The first webpage set up with individual personal opinions (leaving out forums and bulletin board services) was online in 1994, the word "weblog" was invented in 1997 and "blog" in 1999. Peter still seems to be jealous of Valentines love and friendship with Ender, but pretends to be amused instead. This page was last edited on 26 May 2022, at 19:08. More significantly for his de-biographizing pivot, Mercer globalizes the context of Locke's later production. Ender's Game-Locke and Demosthenes Rule The World Posted on November 27, 2012 by 16arostegui7171 The English philosopher John Locke was especially known for his liberal, anti- authoritarian theory of the state, his empirical theory of knowledge, his advocacy of religious toleration, and his theory of personal identity. He constantly asked the Athenians to recall their own history, to remember their past belief in democracy, and to remind themselves how much they hated tyrants. How do you download your XBOX 360 upgrade onto a CD? Locke argues that an idea cannot be "in the mind" until one is conscious of it. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. During the negotiations, Philip, recognizing Demosthenes eloquence as a threat to his plans, ignored him and addressed his fellow ambassador Aeschines instead. "Ender's Game" first appeared in Analog, a leading science fiction magazine, in August 1977.Card was given the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer for this short story. Locke attended classes in iatrochemistry (the early application of chemistry to medicine), and before long he was collaborating with Boyle on important medical research on human blood. He realizes that something big is happening in space and that the nations of earth are preparing for its aftermath. Specifically, he was what was known as an orator. Struggling with distance learning? on 50-99 accounts. He asks her what makes Ender different from Peter and also if Peter is really that bad a person. They choose pseudonyms to write under, as no one would take the words of children seriously, choosing Locke (Peter's pseudonym), and Demosthenes (Valentine's). Demosthenes was born in 384 BC. But his rhetorical skill had been noticed. (including. She also knows that Peter is right, that things are changing, and that they can make a difference. Contemporaries refer to him as a water drinker; that is, a severe and perhaps forbidding personality. This chapter deals with the relationships between the siblings. Two Treatises of Government is a work of political philosophy by John Locke which was published anonymously in 1689. A number of Demosthenes' speeches in court against his former guardians survived. But the royalist days of Oxford were now behind it, and Cromwells Puritan followers filled most of the positions. Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.) His former friend Demades then persuaded the Athenians to sentence Demosthenes to death. What did Valentine celebrate on her own? $24.99 Some Thoughts Concerning Education remained the most important philosophical work on education in England for over a century. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Demosthenes is the person who led the THenian Opposition against Philip II What where accomplishments of John Locke? Meanwhile, Philip continued his tactic of setting the Greek city-states, such as Thebes and Sparta, against each other. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. In the autumn of 1652 Locke, at the comparatively late age of 20, entered Christ Church, the largest of the colleges of the University of Oxford and the seat of the court of Charles I during the Civil Wars. The computer must think that it will help Ender to see that picture. Peter does not appear and behind the mirror is a stairway that he and Valentine walk down. Delivery of On the Crown. The oration On the Crown, Demosthenes reply to Aeschines charges of vacillating in his policy, accepting bribes, and displaying cowardice in battle, is universally acknowledged as a masterpiece of rhetorical art. In 1689, John Locke, the social contract theorist, wrote Two Treatises of . In his enormously influential work Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), he would argue for the superiority of private tutoring for the education of young gentlemen (see below Other works). is regarded as the greatest of Greek orators and perhaps the greatest orator of all times. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Itll be more than 200 pages before we understand whats going on herethe Buggers themselves accessed the computer and sent it images of Peters face, in hopes of influencing Ender. The power of the Macedonians seemed finally broken; a new alliance was concluded against them. Graff is furious that the computer threw the image of Peter into Ender's game. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). They begin to use the nets to communicate political ideas, Valentine as the radical Demosthenes and Peter as the moderate Locke. Perhaps this is what Graff wantedto show his hand, but in doing so to make Ender recognize the fact that he cannot avoid manipulation. Yesterday, on January 6th, 2021, the United States Capitol was breached by a mob for the first time since the British invasion of Washington D.C. during the War of 1812. Do you get more time for selling weed it in your home or outside? For anyone not familiar with Orson Scott Card's 1985 novel, it's the story both of a boy trained to fight an alien invasion at a singularly vicious military academy, and of his two siblings who . Graff comes to talk to Valentine because he believes Ender needs help. His speeches provide valuable information on the political, social, and economic life of 4th-century Athens. His famous speech in 354 On the Navy Boards was addressed to the threat from the East. He was also a proponent of the separation of church and state; and of an individual having the right to follow his own religious beliefs without a religion being imposed by the state. This comic re-imagines a scene from Ender's Game, by Orson Scott Card.This is shown in the first two panels depicting the siblings Locke and Demosthenes, as Cueball and the girl. Peter is scary because his intellect is matched only by his ambition, and there is no doubt that he can manipulate almost everyone. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Both students' handwriting must be on the sheet. Often credited as a founder of modern "liberal" thought, Locke pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution that proved essential to both the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution that followed. How did John Locke influence the design of U.S. government? Demosthenes may well have intended to use the money for civic purposes, and it is perhaps significant that the court fined him only two and one-half times the amount involved instead of the 10 times usually levied in such cases. His father had left him a hefty inheritance, but his legal guardians misused the wealth that was rightfully his. Birth date: August 29, 1632. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. In the book's most fascinating chapter, "Afro-modernism's Musee Imaginaire," Mercer unpacks what he terms Locke's "virtual museum," The Negro in Art (1940), which he also calls an "Afro-diasporic Denkraum" (a "thinking space") where new connections could be made independent of . This goading speech nonetheless failed to rouse the Athenians. His speeches provide valuable information on the political, social, and economic life of 4th-century Athens. The circumstances of the case are still unclear. His father was a lawyer and small landowner who had fought on the Parliamentarian side during the . The first is the Waste Proviso which states that one must not own so much property that some of it goes to waste. Perhaps this is meant to suggest that Valentine prioritizes Ender above everything else in her life. was an Athenian politician most notable for really strongly opposing Macedonia (which is to say, Alexander the Great and his family). According to Plutarch, Demosthenes was in the battle but fled after dropping his arms. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Every article will also feature a response by the other author, either . His strong desire to sue his guardian, Aphobus, in the courts, coupled with a delicate physique that prevented him from receiving the customary Greek gymnastic education, led him to train himself as an orator. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Then, at the right time, Valentine will betray her followers by coming out in support of Locke, thereby ensuring Peters rise to power with a broad coalition of political support. Some interests, especially the wealthy, would have preferred an oligarchy instead of a democracy; many merchants would have preferred peace at almost any price. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. It was still largely that of the medieval university, focusing on Aristotle (especially his logic) and largely ignoring important new ideas about the nature and origins of knowledge that had been developed in writings by Francis Bacon (15611626), Ren Descartes (15961650), and other natural philosophers. He lived in an era that had many great philosophers, including Plato and Aristotle. Just as Graff seems to have planned, Enders fame and prestige isolates him from his former peers: even if they like or respect him, they never consider him one of them.. Explanation []. In the book these two kids write their opinions on their world's version of the internet to gain extreme political influence. Philip demanded his recall, but Demosthenes replied in a speech, On the Chersonese, that the motive behind the Macedonians scheming and contriving was to weaken the Athenians will to oppose Philips conquests. Fostering civil discourse by writing our unfiltered thoughts on the state of politics and current events in America. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Orson Scott Card and Ender's Game Background. This makes Graff feel slightly better, since he is doing the same thing. Born in c. 384 in Athens, Demosthenes' parents died while . In Ender's Game the character of Peter Wiggin is a sadistic sociopath - and there is a particular scene in the book where Valentine stumbles across a skinned squirrel still twitching in pain. John Lockes most famous works are An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), in which he developed his theory of ideas and his account of the origins of human knowledge in experience, and Two Treatises of Government (first edition published in 1690 but substantially composed before 1683), in which he defended a theory of political authority based on natural individual rights and freedoms and the consent of the governed. Editor of. Thus, the object becomes the property of that person. In it, Locke attacks the theory of Patriarchalism which emphasized the absolute right of the king, as the paternal head of state. His political thought was grounded in the notion of a social contract between citizens and in the importance of toleration, especially in matters of religion. Complete your free account to request a guide. Neither can explain how a picture of Ender's brother appeared in a video game. The labour theory of property was a forerunner to the famous labour theory of value of Karl Marx. Peter has the huge of advantage of knowing what Demosthenes is going to write next (since he tells Demosthenes what to say). Lockes father, a lawyer, served as a captain in the cavalry of the parliamentarians and saw some limited action. Three arguments were central to his reasoning: judges, state or human beings are not capable of evaluating the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints; enforcing a single religion would have an adverse effect as faith cannot be compelled by violence; and coercing religious uniformity would lead to more social disorder than allowing diversity. Their real names are Peter and Valentine Wiggin (and these first names are used in the official transcript on xkcd). Modern scholars such as Werner Jaeger present a more dispassionate view by pointing to the highly complex political issues that Demosthenes handled with his oratorical skill. In addition, a grand alliance was formed against Philip, including Byzantium and former enemies of Athens, such as Thebes. John Locke is considered the first philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment. Two unidentified voices discuss the true identities of Locke and Demosthenes, relatives of " the (sic) Wiggin." One doubts children could manage such a complex scheme. What can Valentine rely on Peter to always do? The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Ender is furious that they have taken from him his last true memorythat of his sister. It was translated into nearly all major European languages and almost all 18th century European educational writers acknowledged its influence. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Yet many Athenians continued to believe that Philips threat was transitory. Lockes family was sympathetic to Puritanism but remained within the Church of England, a situation that coloured Lockes later life and thinking. In this turbulent arena Demosthenes stood out. In Ender's Game, Locke is the guy who thinks we all can talk out our political differences, while Demosthenes is the one who calls for war between the countries. After more than 200 years of enduring as an example of government by and for the people, is our constitutional republic succumbing to internal strife before our very eyes? If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Furthermore, he believed that those holding political power were no better at discovering the true religion than anyone else and so they should not attempt to enforce their views on others. Updates? It covers the entire two decades of Greek involvement with Philip and Alexander, contrasting Demosthenes policies in every case with what he terms the treachery of Aeschines as an agent of the Macedonians. 2 Philosophers: What We will Cover: John Locke: Demosthenes Locke and Demosthenes' biography Locke and Demosthenes' philosophies Why Peter and Valentine chose those two names as pseudonyms. Cromwell himself was chancellor, and John Owen, Cromwells former chaplain, was vice-chancellor and dean. Although they have not yet started to exert real influence, it seems clear that Peter will get what he wants. What contributions did John Locke make to political theory? As Locke and Demosthenes, each article in this publication will be signed by the respective author at the bottom of the page. Their real names are Peter and Valentine Wiggin (and these first names are used in the official transcript on xkcd). In the book these two kids write their opinions on their world's version of the . It is in his nature to control. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Another dramatic reversal occurred the very next year, however, when Alexander died. It must be noted that Locke was clear that the mind had inherent capacities, predispositions and inclinations prior to receiving any ideas from sensation. As he explains to her, he will gain power, one way or another. Kindly disable your Ad Blocker or consider subscribing to us by clicking here. The work explores the theory of ideas and contains Locke's argument that certain kinds of knowledgeknowledge of the existence of God, certain moral truths, and the laws of logic and mathematicsare not innate, or automatically imprinted on the human mind. Meanwhile, Valentine has not forgotten Ender, even though the family moved to Greensboro. By contrast, Demosthenes (385-322 B.C.) Back on Earth, more than a year after beginning her career as an incognito journalist. We see here that Valentine isnt as adept at controlling her emotions as Ender isshe allows her feelings for other people to control her, an admirable quality in a human being, but also the quality that made Graff reject her years ago. Demosthenes was one of several ambassadors sent out on a futile tour of the Peloponnesus to enlist support against Philip. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Where is the magnetic force the greatest on a magnet. Valentines letter actually makes Ender furiousfurious that Graff is manipulating his own beloved sister against him. What contributions did John Locke make to epistemology? In 1663 Locke was appointed senior censor in Christ Church, a post that required him to supervise the studies and discipline of undergraduates and to give a series of lectures. Is this what the great American experiment has come to? Graff wants to know why Ender's brothers picture was shown, and Imbu explains that the mind game is between the child and the computer. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. This view, a response to the perceived threat of anarchy posed by sectarian differences, was diametrically opposed to the doctrine that he would later expound in Two Treatises of Government (1689). "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." It forms both a parody of science fiction that has been rendered outdated by technology, and also a parody of the expectations well-intentioned people have going onto the internet to express their opinions. As Senator King (I-ME) declared on the Senate floor last night, only hours after rioters were removed from the very same spot: We are a 240-year anomaly in world history. Imbu suggests that the game was designed to test the players' psychological weaknessesthe game has merely picked up on Ender's biggest fear. John Locke (1632 - 1704) was an English philosopher whose works have had an enormous and profound influence on western philosophy. Instant PDF downloads. One thing that would be very helpful would be a complete listing of all the known works of Locke and Demosthenes, their approximate dates in the Enderverse, who was really writing them and in which book/chapter they can be found. His love of democracy gives his speeches a humanistic breadth that makes them interesting even today. Locke later reported that he found the undergraduate curriculum at Oxford dull and unstimulating. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Liberalism is a political philosophy or world-view founded on ideas of liberty and equality. It was not very long before his oratorical skill made him, in effect, the leader of what today might be called the democratic party. What she counts on is that he acts out of nothing but pure self-interest, and there is a certain comfort in that. A Greek orator was usually a politician, a philosopher, or another similarly . Owen and Cromwell were, however, concerned to restore the university to normality as soon as possible, and this they largely succeeded in doing. We promise to support our opinions with facts whenever possible, and we hope that you, as our audience, will hold us accountable if we unintentionally stray from reality. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Ender's Game was published in 1985, when most people had never used (and some had never heard of) the internet. Whatever the interpretation of his personality and work, he has in every age been regarded as one of the worlds greatest orator-statesmen.